The world of fixed-income investing has evolved significantly since the 2008 financial crisis. While investors have typically viewed fixed income assets as a safe haven to protect their capital during times of volatility, many are questioning the value of traditional options, like bonds, as a portfolio stabilizer. As a result, investors are tapping into alternative investments to generate higher returns, reduce volatility, and increase opportunities within their portfolios. Private credit, particularly private mortgages, has emerged as a favored choice among investors, including high-net-worth individuals and institutions.
Private Mortgage Lending: An Overview
In the residential real estate market, private lending refers to short-term mortgage financing primarily for borrowers who don’t qualify for traditional bank mortgages. These loans are usually provided by mortgage investment corporations and individual private lenders that include investors, conglomerates or high-net-worth groups.
In a competitive housing market, private lenders play a crucial role in providing liquidity and financing to borrowers who are looking for alternative lending arrangements to those offered by the major banks. Private lenders offer greater flexibility in the mortgage application process, often focusing on the borrower’s equity, cash flow and exit strategy, without the stringent stress tests and other requirements imposed by traditional mortgage lenders.
Canada's private lending market has experienced rapid growth over the past two decades, driven by consumer demand for flexible mortgage products. Private lenders, approximately 2% of the mortgage market, have become key players in providing alternative financing solutions, particularly as conventional lending guidelines become increasingly strict. Each quarter, private lenders extend tens of billions of dollars in mortgages to borrowers across Canada.
Investing in Private Mortgages
Millions of borrowers turn to private mortgage lenders annually for their short-term financing needs. Private mortgage investors, by lending their capital, receive regular payments in the form of interest and fees from borrowers. This consistent cash flow makes private mortgages an attractive fixed-income alternative that can be tailored to suit the risk-return profiles of defensive, moderate, and high-yield-seeking investors.
Private mortgage lenders come in many forms and offer different programs to investors – mainly, they include whole mortgage investment programs and Mortgage Investment Corporations (MICs), which provide exposure to the residential mortgage market at varying risk/return levels.
I. Whole Mortgage Investment Programs
Whole mortgage programs are geared toward high net worth investors and are typically administered by mortgage companies that manage the entire investment process on behalf of the investor – including sourcing, underwriting, and managing each mortgage investment throughout its term. Whole mortgage programs save investors’ precious time and eliminate a great deal of risk and uncertainty from the lending process, especially if the investor doesn’t have expert knowledge of the private mortgage market or lacks experience in evaluating borrowers.
Whole mortgage investing allows the investor to have more control in creating a portfolio of mortgages that meets their preferences in terms of amount/size, location, loan-to-value, borrower risk profile and yield. Investing in mortgages is viewed as less risky than direct real estate ownership because private mortgages are debt investments that are backed by real property. Private mortgages usually have terms lasting between six and 36 months, with most being no more than 12 months. The lender receives regular interest payments from the borrower, who also bears all the transaction costs.
Whole mortgage investing has a great deal of upside in terms of yield and returns, but the individual investor assumes all the risk if anything goes wrong with the underlying mortgage. That’s why working with a professional private lending firm is a safer and often more desirable route for mortgage investing. Private lenders can not only provide access to a diverse range of mortgage investment opportunities, but the best firms also manage the ongoing administration of the mortgage(s), which enables a hands-free investment experience.
Whole mortgages are suitable for accredited investors with at least $500,000 in liquid capital. For investors in Ontario or British Columbia, a minimum net worth of $1 million and a net income before taxes of at least $200,000 (or $300,000, when combined with a spouse) is usually required to qualify as a whole mortgage investor. A minimum net worth of $500,000 is preferred for all other provinces.
II. Mortgage Investment Corporations (MICs)
Non-accredited investors who don’t meet the net worth, income and capital requirements can invest in private mortgages through a mortgage investment corporation, or MIC. A MIC is a pooled fund that invests in a diversified portfolio of private mortgages on behalf of investors who are preferred shareholders in the fund. A MIC generates income in the form of interest and fees collected from the mortgage borrowers. This income is passed on to shareholders in the form of dividend payments, which are typically monthly. The best MIC providers offer a range of portfolio options that differ based on the risk and return profile of each fund, which is determined by factors including the average loan-to-value, duration and security position of the underlying mortgages.
MICs can be private or publicly traded. A public MIC provides daily liquidity, but the shares often trade at a discount to the value of the mortgages, and prices fluctuate in response to market events. Private MICs, which are independently valued, are uncorrelated with public markets and offer less volatile performance; however, there is usually a minimum holding period – typically 12 months - and advance notice is required for redemptions.
Mortgage Investment Corporations are a buy-and-hold portfolio strategy and are therefore considered passive investment vehicles. The Corporation manages the entire portfolio and is responsible for sourcing, underwriting and managing all mortgage assets.
MICs provide diversification benefits and can be part of virtually any investment portfolio, including a TFSA, RRSP, RRIF or RESP. MICs have higher overhead fees than investing directly into private mortgages, but, as a diversified portfolio solution, they are considered less risky and require a substantially lower minimum investment.
How Mortgages Can Improve a Portfolio
Mortgage investing distinguishes itself from traditional real estate investments by focusing on mortgages backed by property rather than physical property ownership. This approach offers several advantages, mirroring the benefits of real estate without the associated risks and responsibilities of property ownership or title transfer. By opting for private mortgages, investors can avoid the risk of negative cash flow, liquidity constraints, tenant management, vacancies, and fluctuations in market conditions.
Unlike major banks, private mortgage lenders have the flexibility to set their own approval criteria and charge higher interest rates than prevailing market rates. This autonomy insulates private mortgages from the effects of changes in monetary policy. With an average term of just 12 months, private mortgages exhibit lower interest rate risk, but typically higher yields compared to longer-term fixed income investments. Historically, mortgage investments have delivered annual returns ranging from 6% to 16%.
Mortgage investments, designed for steady income and minimal correlation with public markets, act as a stabilizing force in portfolios. This consistent cash flow makes private mortgages an attractive fixed-income alternative that can be tailored to suit the risk-return profiles of defensive, moderate, and high-yield-seeking investors. The resilience of private mortgages to changes in monetary policy, coupled with their tangible collateral and short-term nature, makes them an attractive option in today's investment landscape.
Mortgage investments may be a suitable option for investors looking to diversify their portfolio beyond traditional stock and bond investments and for those seeking a reprieve from the volatility of public markets without sacrificing returns.
How to Choose a Provider/Partner
Not all private mortgage lenders are created equal. Before investing in a mortgage program, investors must consider the lender’s reputation, track record, investment strategies, risk management and due diligence practices, and terms and restrictions. In other words, they must look behind the scenes to determine how the lender makes credit adjudication decisions and manages all risks and outcomes in their portfolios. It’s also important to evaluate whether the mortgage investment partner possesses in-house resources to manage the entire mortgage origination, underwriting and administration process.
When it comes to mortgage investing, experience isn’t just limited to years of service but also includes total funds deployed. The best mortgage lenders have a proven track record of successful mortgage placements – without any incidence of freezing applications or redemptions - with portfolios that are geographically diversified and have a history of meeting their yield and distribution goals with negligible losses. These lenders typically operate as non-bank financial conglomerates that offer multiple investment programs geared toward individuals with various goals and risk tolerances.
Conclusion
In the ever-evolving investment landscape, private mortgages have emerged as a compelling avenue to bolster portfolio stability and generate steady monthly income. Even with a relatively modest allocation, mortgage investments can significantly enhance a portfolio's risk-adjusted returns. Understanding the different avenues, including whole mortgages and Mortgage Investment Corporations, allows investors to tailor their approach based on available capital, risk tolerance and investment goals. As fixed-income investing continues to evolve, private mortgages deserve serious consideration for inclusion in diversified investment portfolios.