In entrepreneurial strategizing, due diligence acts as a prophylactic against the fickle nature of business alliances, very much in line with the principle of seeking a 'margin of safety' as expressed in the value investing classic written by Seth Klarman. It requires a thorough analysis to identify and mitigate the innate risks of partnerships. The allegory of "The Scorpion and the Frog" exemplifies this, teaching us that the nature of the parties involved often predicts the outcome of their interactions. As Charlie Munger succinctly put it, “Show me the incentive, and I will show you the outcome.” In the fable, the frog is aware of the scorpion's dangerous nature but is persuaded by the incentive of perceived mutual benefit, only to face the inevitable betrayal.
This very lesson applies to the abrupt conclusion of the collaboration between Heinz and McDonald's. McDonald’s recognized that the incentive structure for Heinz had shifted with the appointment of a CEO from a direct competitor, and cut ties, due to the potential negative outcome based on the new incentive alignment.
In crafting a due diligence process, it is crucial to uncover not just the present state of a potential partner's financials, legal standing, or operational efficiency, but also to understand the incentive structures that drive their strategies and behaviors. This insight will often shed light on the likely outcomes of the partnership.
Legal due diligence must probe deeper than the surface to anticipate how legal frameworks might shape a partner’s decisions. Cultural and ethical due diligence are also imperative; they often reveal the intrinsic incentives that can lead to success or conflict in a partnership.
Operational and strategic due diligence should evaluate whether the partner's business model and long-term goals are designed to incentivize outcomes that are aligned with the enterprise's objectives. In the realm of intellectual property and cybersecurity, it's important to assess whether the partner's approach incentivizes robust protection and innovation, aligning with the firm's need for security and competitive advantage.
Reference checks are not just procedural; they are an essential element of the due diligence process that can provide critical insights into the incentive-driven past behavior of potential partners.
Embracing Munger’s wisdom, entrepreneurs should approach due diligence with an eye towards understanding the incentives at play. This approach ensures that the chosen partnerships are likely to yield desired outcomes, thereby providing a substantive 'margin of safety' against the inherent uncertainties of business collaborations. By aligning with partners whose incentives (including Morally, Ethically and Culturally) are compatible with their strategic goals, entrepreneurs can safeguard their ventures from the risks of alliances/partnerships.
Consider the following hypothetical example of a technology startup (we will call, Startup), specializing in cybersecurity solutions, entering a partnership with a larger, well-established tech company (we will call, Tech Company).
Background Context
Startup, though innovative and technically capable, seeks a partnership with Tech Company to expand its market reach and leverage Tech Company's established customer base and resources. Tech Company, on the other hand, is looking to enhance its cybersecurity offerings without building a solution from scratch.
Initial Due Diligence
Startup initially focuses on assessing Tech Company's financial health and market position. They find that Tech Company is financially stable and holds a significant market share. However, they realize the need to delve deeper, considering the teachings from the "Scorpion and the Frog" allegory, where surface-level appearances can be misleading.
Incentive Structure Analysis
Startup investigates Tech Company's past partnerships and finds a pattern of Tech Company acquiring smaller companies for their technology and then reducing support for the original teams and products. This raises a red flag about Tech Company's long-term commitment to partnerships.
Legal and Cultural Due Diligence
Further investigation into Tech Company's legal dealings reveals a history of aggressive intellectual property acquisition. Culturally, Startup observes a mismatch in corporate values, with Tech Company often prioritizing rapid expansion over ethical considerations, contrasting Startup's commitment to ethical business practices.
Operational and Strategic Evaluation
Startup evaluates whether Tech Company's business model aligns with their goal of long-term growth and innovation in cybersecurity. They discover that Tech Company's primary strategy is market dominance through acquisition rather than organic growth and innovation, which could stifle Startup's developmental aspirations.
Reference Checks and Final Decision
Reference checks with past Tech Company partners corroborate concerns about Tech Company's tendency to absorb technology and dissolve original teams. Startup, heeding Charlie Munger's advice about incentives predicting outcomes, decides against the partnership. They conclude that while the immediate financial and market access benefits are attractive, the long-term risks and misalignment of incentives and values pose a significant threat to their core mission and integrity.
This example demonstrates the importance of thorough due diligence, beyond just financial and legal aspects. By understanding the deeper incentive structures and aligning with partners who share similar ethical, cultural, and strategic values, Startup avoids a potentially detrimental partnership, embodying the 'margin of safety' principle in business collaborations.